III.          常见错误

简答题的评分原则“评分时应同时考虑内容和语言”，内容和语言上的错误是导致失分的主要原因。

内容上出现问题的主要表现是答案不完整或答非所问。其原因在于：

（1）没有找到答案出处；

（2）没有注意问题要求；

（3）受字数限制，在答案组织上有所疏漏。

语言方面的错误大体有两类：

（1）语法错误。如主谓不一致、词汇搭配不当、时态与原文不对应、句型使用不当等；

（2）语言形式错误，如拼写错误、大小写、标点符号误用、不符合答题规范等。

    现将做简答题的解题技巧和应试策略归纳如下：

1．读懂问题，查找线索。为了减少或避免在内容错误上失分，考生可先读懂问题，后浏览全文，并在文中标出问题中的线索词，以保证其答案至少在内容上能够做到完整无缺。

2．语言简练、准确，概括性强。为了不致于忘掉字数限制，考生可将答案写在试卷提供的横线上，一条横线对应一个字，也可采用一些小技巧进行形式上的浓缩，比如，可利用缩写，将could not缩写为couldn't， not unpleasant等于pleasant, do not approve可由disagree代替，a lady who is beautiful可由a beautiful lady，能用单词就不用句子，能用短语就不用句子，能用简单句就不用复杂句。当然解决问题的关键是使自己的语言有概括性，比如：对同类现象找出共性，进行概括。

3．学会抓关键词。一篇文章的关键词构成语篇的精髓，抓住了关键词，不仅有助于理解文章，而且表达上也能言简意赅，正确选用关键词比自己去组织答案要准确、简练得多，也省时省力。如例子4 从原文中找到了一个关键词survive使答案准确而简练。

4．注意提问方式和答案的协调性。不同类型的问题要求有不同形式的回答，不能仅仅为了答案的简洁而忽略了问题与回答在形式上的对应。例如：就目的提问，答案就应当用表示目的的用语，Why? 如for短语，不定式短语；就原因提问，答案就应当用because of短语或 because从句；提问词是what，只能用名词或名词性短语、名词性从句来回答。掌握这一原则有助于增强回答题目的针对性。

5．避免语言错误。组织答案要认真细致，避免使用不熟悉的句型、词汇或短语，尽可能利用原文中的关键词语回答问题。要避免语言形式错误，如拼写错误、标点符号错误、大小写，特别是回答问题时要注意首字母要大写。

未完成句填空要注意全句结构是否一致。

同时避免语法错误，要注意主谓是否一致、时态与原文是否对应等。

总之，简答题基于理解，重在表达，简答题要精炼概括，言简意赅。简答题的答案要体现“简”与“准”二字。

Example

  What makes a father take an active role in care-giving activities? A new study show that fathers were more involved in care-giving when they  worked fewer hours than other fathers. Fathers were also more active in care-giving when they had high self-esteem and other positive psychological adjustment characteristics and hwen children were boys.

  The study, conducted by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHHD) Early Child Care Research Network, also found that fathers who had less traditional  child-rearing beliefs, were older, and reported more marital intimacy were more sensitive during play with their children.

  In the study, fathers in various locations across the country whose families participated in the NICHHD Study of Early Child Care were interviewed about their care-giving responsibilities when their children were 6, 15, 24 and 36 months of age. Some of the fathers were also videotaped as they played with their children at 6 and 36 months. Two aspects of fathers’ parenting were assessed. The authors examined responsibilities for care-giving activities such as diapering and feeding and observed sensitivity during father-child interaction, which involved children and fathers playing with toys and other objects while being videotaped.

  Results from the care-giving aspect of the study show that fathers increased their engagement in care-giving activities between 6 and 15 months, and they spent more time in care-giving activities with sons than daughters.  Neither birth order nor the child’s temperament was associated with  the father’s care-giving responsibilities. Fathers who were younger, worked fewer hours and whose incomes constituted a smaller percentage of total family income spent more time in care-giving activities, along with fathers with more positive personality attributes such as higher self-esteem, lower levels of depression and hostility and overall better life adaptation and psychological adjustment. Also, mothers who reported higher levels of marital intimacy had partners who engaged in more care-giving activities.

  In the father’s sensitivity part of the study, fathers of firstborns appeared more sensitive than were fathers of later borns. Also, older fathers and fathers who endorsed less traditional child-rearing beliefs were rated as more sensitive.

1.   How old were the children in the videotape.

____ _____ _____ ______ ______ _______

____ _____ _____ ______ ______ _______

2.   What did the researchers in the study mainly deal with?

____ _____ _____ ______ ______ _______

____ _____ _____ ______ ______ _______

3.   Which two words in the third paragraph best explain the two aspects assessed?

____ _____ _____ ______ ______ _______

____ _____ _____ ______ ______ _______

4.   In most fathers’ eyes, who needs more care at the very early stage?

____ _____ _____ ______ ______ _______

____ _____ _____ ______ ______ _______

5.   The study show that father’s care-giving is related to fathers’s______as well as children’s sex and parents marital intimacy.

1.   6 and 36 months.

2.   Fathers’ parenting.

3.   Responsibility and sensitivity.

4.   Boys.

5.   age, working time, personality